He further expanded the field in the 1969 study Bandits. Marwa identifies drugs as root cause of banditry in Nigeria Marwa maintained that drug challenges should be a priority, if the government must win the insurgency and banditry battle. Such profiteers formed whatever alliances they deemed useful. Blok formulated the "principle" that the more successful a bandit, the greater the protection he enjoyed. Throughout the Mediterranean, at least as far back as the eighteenth century, banditry has often been incorporated in nationalist and regional rhetoric. Fentress, James, and Chris Wickham. was, as Hobsbawm has shown, a somewhat less suitable candidate for idealization. Female gang leaders were out of the question in early modern times, although some of the women associated with organized robbery, such as the famous German archthief named Alte Lisel, could well have commanded a band themselves. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. In both cases, conflict and banditry broke down along partisan or regional, not class, lines. Two pioneer historians who emphasized the social aspects of banditry were Franco Molfese and Eric Hobsbawm. Zamfara Govt reveals cause of banditry, says negotiations remain the best option. Guerrilla popular uprisings (casting "banditry" as an expression of the struggle for freedom) against outside Banditry can be seen as a continuum from the camel raiding Bedouin, through the "noble bandits" of the nineteenth-century Greek Klephts, to contemporary armed autonomist groups (such as Chiapas in Mexico or Kurds in Turkey or Chechen fighters against Russian intervention in Chechnya) labeled as "bandits" by the state. [24], The career nor the identity of a bandit was permanent. Solares Robles, Laura. The late medieval legend of Robin Hood, who robbed the rich, switched clothes with beggars, and helped the poor, was popular not only in England but also in the rest of Europe for hundreds of years. London, 1972. There can be no doubt that the discontent of the underprivileged, impoverished, and sometimes marginalized sectors of the population occasionally erupted into popular or mostly local food riots; but it also expressed itself on a smaller scale as "social Murphy, Agnes Genevieve. The Commissioner for Information, Zamfara State, Hon Ibrahim Magaji Dosara on Friday, disclosed this in Kaduna while […] Property, as a stand-in for its owner, was subjected to an excess of violence, such as the disembowelment of livestock, but not killed. Insecurity in the North: Root Cause and Possible Solution – A Case Study of Banditry. Local commanders and constables were responsible for apprehending bandits, but the emperors often dispatched special censors to cope with rampant banditry. Wisbech, U.K., 1987. The absence of what Eric J. Hobsbawm has named "social banditry" in some territories led to the popular idealization of ordinary robbers, interpreting their deeds as a primitive form of social protest. Pages 129–149. Richard Slatta, Gilbert Joseph, and others have begun placing Latin American banditry in a broader, more comparative perspective. First, many bandit gangs emerged before the process of sugar plantation expansion began. Franchetti and Sonnino also noted a widespread admiration for bandits among the literati, who romanticized them, and paradoxically among landowners, the most likely to suffer from bandit depredations. London, 1971. Madrid, 1934. Passive complicity consisted of a series of unconnected individual acceptances of the status quo and served to conceal illegal violent acts. Its meaning has changed across time and across disciplines. "The Peasant and the Brigand: Social Banditry Reconsidered." Marwa identifies drugs as root cause of banditry in Nigeria The Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Brigadier Gen. Buba Marwa (Rtd) has identified use of drugs as the generic cause of banditry and insurgency in Nigeria. Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Danker, Uwe. Banditry means occurrence or prevalence of armed robbery or violent crime. He spoke of "pathological aberrations" and "ultra violence" as a manifestation of the "primitive" nature of bandits' rebellion, but he could not explain it adequately. Where banditry has persisted, it can clearly be linked to the inability of the state to control the countryside. INTRODUCTION As Nigeria is battling with the coronavirus, the merciless bloodshed going on, especially in the northern part of the country in recent times, is exacting a much larger human toll. (April 15, 2021). The Latin American masses sometimes viewed bandits as heroes striking a blow against their rich oppressors. In the latter, banditry appears to have been more resilient, especially where a combination of external factors militated against turning pastoralists into peasants. Stories about bandits should be treated as texts to be deconstructed. A politically powerful family could insulate bandits from police and legal authorities. This desecration of the body also defiled the bandit or perpetrator. Poverty, hunger root cause of banditry – Shittu . Second, the land concentration that Pérez considers a cause of banditry in fact came after many bandit gangs had emerged. From the perspective of the modern nation-state, bandits (or brigands, a term more popular in the nineteenth century) are criminals who resist the civilizing power of the state through violence, brutality, extortion, theft, and protection rackets. Cruciverba. Likewise, in the mid- to late nineteenth century, Klephts also figured prominently in Greek historiography, representing an often entirely fictional traditional opposition to Ottoman rule. Robber bands, however, as well as vagabonds and gypsies traveling in groups of varying sizes, were both more incalculable and more dangerous. [17] Another report of 1489 attested that soldiers had raided in Henan province. Banditry is a crime against persons. Tiger Yang once served as a personal military retainer of the aforementioned Ning Gao before turning to banditry; similarly, when facing unemployment, some of Ning's former "bandit catchers" simply joined the bandit leaders Liu Brothers. He and his gang invaded isolated farmhouses, terrorizing and torturing the female occupants into giving up their valuables. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Some common criminals simply brutalized and abused their fellow men. Outlaws and Highwaymen: The Cult of the Robber in England from the Middle Ages to the Nineteenth Century. 2 vols. Kindly Share This Story: By Shehu Danjumaand. Although there are examples of lone bandits, bandits tended to form into fluid bands, sometimes of up to twenty persons. Indeed, the records sometimes confirm the image, insofar as it represents reality and not wishful thinking on the one side and social prejudices on the other. Unsurprisingly, this view of the South aroused the ire of local intellectuals and politicians. See "Letteratura e Mafia," pp. Often all these features coexist in particular examples of banditry, although one may be more dominant than the others. Violence is targeted specifically against persons and properties (usually animals) of persons, and displayed through stories. The Zamfara State Government has disclosed that the killing of a prominent Fulani leader in 2013 was the Genesis of the crisis bedevilling the state which has led to the loss of lives and property in the state. Sixty years later Ronald Reagan publicly referred to members of the Sandinista government as "thugs." In nineteenth-century Greece, ex-Klephts such as Theodoros Kolokotrónis used their memoirs to glorify themselves. Hobsbawm, E. J. Bandits. Contemporaries regarded bandits as archenemies of the state and a threat to divine order, denying the state monopoly over the possession of arms and sinning against God's eighth commandment. He was born in 1706 in rural Essex, the son of John Turpin, a small farmer. Social Memory. Other Italian bandits never reached his fame as they lacked popular support. The two interpretations are not necessarily opposed and indeed may coexist at different levels of analysis. Caution must be exercised in reducing discernible sociological facts, such as the observation that a bandit successfully managed to evade capture for a long period, to single empiricist causes, such as powerful protection. Banditry employed a set of moral codes drawn and indistinguishable from kinship-based ideas of justice and retribution; hence a reaction against banditry was often impossible because it conflicted with the moral codes that regulated traditional society. Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) in Ming China (1368–1644) was defined by the Ming government as “‘robbery by force’ punishable by death.”[4] But throughout the dynasty, people had entered into the occupation of banditry for various reasons and the occupation of banditry was fluid and temporary. Kinship, real or fictive, was an important component of their organization, and solidarity was reinforced through the institutions of blood brotherhood and adoption, as well as through feasting and other rituals. They did not switch sides for financial gain but instead labored for a political, partisan, or regional agenda. They exhibited clear partisan rather than class leanings. Throughout the early modern period, especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, affluent travelers and merchants as well as peasants and farmers were afraid of banditry. The extreme violence practiced by bandits against peasants in many contemporary accounts has been interpreted in two ways: as expressive or as instrumental. Elitist officials typically labeled as bandits any groups that threatened their political monopoly. in National. Lüsebrink, Hans-Jürgen, ed. The Zamfara State Government has disclosed that the killing of a prominent Fulani leader in 2013 is the genesis of the banditry in the state. Encyclopedia.com. Novelists (such as Edmond About and Prosper Mérimée) traveled to remote places in Greece and Corsica, for example, to ground their texts in direct experience and observation. [11] Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. Hobsbawm's thesis has been criticized by Anton Blok and other anthropologists. War increased dislocation and unrest in the countryside, further encouraging banditry. A full understanding takes into account not just the various ways in which strongmen were co-opted by the powerful but also how such men were portrayed by various strata of society. Former presidential aspirant, Adamu Garba, has said military operations cannot address the menace of armed banditry in the north. Local elites, not the peasant masses, generally provided the support, material assistance (food, arms, clothing), hiding places, and intelligence needed by bandit gangs. Oxford, 1987. Fears of banditry of this sort surfaced in 1789, during the French Revolution, and helped trigger rural risings. However, in some cases it proves difficult to distinguish between ordinary bandits and politically minded heroic outlaws, fighting against the oppressor. He started his criminal career in 1602 and even features in Cervantes's Don Quixote (1605, 1615). The more marginalized a bandit was, the more dependent he was on protection, the greater the risk of betrayal, and thus the greater the tendency for violence to appear "gratuitous"—that is, to signify itself. [5] In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. In both cases, there was a political consciousness and agenda at work, a situation not typical of the pre-political social bandit. The women who shared the roving life of bandits normally did not step outside the generally accepted gender role. 2 vols. Davis, John, A. Driessen, Henk. As a category of social behavior, banditry employs specific displays of violence to generate terror for personal ends. That is, it is an incontrovertible fact that bandits often terrorized peasants who appear to have voluntarily supported them; yet this fact does not exhaust or even address the issue of why and how banditry emerged, how it was sustained, or how bandit myths achieved such potency at both the local and national levels. In the hands of urban intellectuals it points to the bad old days before the establishment of the nation-state, when life and property were not secure. "Banditry In certain situations peasants may have preferred the traditional depredations of pastoral bandits to the more extensive, sustained ones of the state, such as taxes, and in other situations the depredations of the potentates' henchmen may have been protected by powerful national interests. Banditry is an aggressive form of illegality and of adventurist capital accumulation found in certain social contexts, especially those marked by insecurity and violence; in this sense it is a product of political economy. Paris, 1984. ." The victim was therefore defined taxonomically. The Colombian Violencia offers another example of banditry, which even Hobsbawm acknowledges to be "in essence more political than social." https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/banditry, J "Banditry In a number of places, however, bandits belonged to the peasantry through their presence in widely circulated chapbooks, which popularized and contemporized bandits. Literary romanticization of bandits was pronounced during the formation of nation-states and was often coupled with the desire of the urban literati to discover sources of opposition (often to foreign rule) in the countryside. Peasant complicity was not always imposed through terror but could also be spontaneous and lucrative. Whereas smaller animals such as dogs were destroyed, larger ones such as sheep were grievously wounded, and the largest animals (bulls, mules, etc.) A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. He vows to continue his activities in order to avenge her death, but still manages to have a good time doing so. They exhibited little loyalty and switched sides according to their assessment of the best potential profit. Christon Archer coined the term "guerrilla bandits" to describe opportunists who used war as an excuse to pillage. Hart, David. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The body had to be "prepared" retroactively—disassembled and then reassembled in a grotesque parody of the original body—to be offered back to the group who "made" it. Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. [33] His gang of bandits eventually grew into a rebel army and Deng conducted attacks on the government in Fujian. Banditry, Chivalry, and Terror in German Fiction, 1790–1830. Instead of blithely accepting bandit images from folk legends and literature as fact, scholars must use them as lenses for viewing peasant cultures. Encyclopedia.com. In the beginning he is portrayed as an ordinary criminal robbing from everyone in sight. Gilbert M. Joseph, "On the Trail of Latin American Bandits: A Reexamination of Peasant Resistance," in Latin American Research Review 25, no. What about female bandits? Many of these hoodlums learned their trade in exile in Los Angeles and other U.S. locations and were later deported back to Central America, where they have been applying what they learned. Social banditry is a widespread phenomenon that has occurred in many societies throughout recorded history, and forms of social banditry still exist, as evidenced by piracy and organized crime syndicates. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits.
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