In recent years this program, a key component of federal efforts to protect rapidly diminishing wetlands , has become one of the most explosive issues in the Clean Water Act. The Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966 authorized various federal agencies to study the effect of pollution on estuaries in the United States. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The 1972 Clean Water Act also set as a lofty goal the "zero discharge" of pollutants into the nation's waters by 1985. Encyclopedia.com. Warren company operated a series of dams on a 25-mile span of the Presumpscot River in Southern Maine to generate electricity for its paper mills. McGraw-Hill, 1997. Moreover, states have billions of dollars worth of wastewater treatment needs that remain unfunded, contributing to continued violations of water quality standards. The 1972 Clean Water Act has been amended three times: in 1977; in 1981 when Congress passed the Municipal Wastewater Treatment Construction Grants Amendments; and in 1987 with the Water Quality Act. (a) Restoration and maintenance of chemical, physical and biological integrity of Nation's waters; national goals for achievement of aim The aim of this chapter is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation's waters. The Clean Water Act of 1977 reflects a broad congressional consensus that the 1972 legislation was essentially sound, and that with appropriate fine tuning it should be continued without interruption. In 2000, the EPA sought to address these concerns through a number of initiatives designed to streamline the permit process for municipal and industrial discharges of wastewater. "Clean Water Act [1] The CWA outlawed the discharge of any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters unless a permit was obtained. Dictionary of American History. 21 August 2000. ." The CWA is the principle law governing pollution control and water quality of the Nation's waterways. 30th Anniversary of the Clean Water Act. Over the years, numerous court cases have addressed various issues concerning the wetlands protection program. Liebesman, Lawrence R., and Elliott P. Laws. Under Section 319 of the 1987 legislation, Congress authorized measures to address these diffuse sources of pollution by directing states to develop We have maintained the policy that the public must be protected from cancer-causing pollutants and other toxic poisons. ". My home State of Maine was one of only three States where industry achieved total compliance with requirements to use the best practicable clean-up technology last July, and the improvement in water quality has been noticeable. If poorly controlled, these pollutants can cause diarrhea, cancer, and other serious diseases. Third, the industrial pretreatment program established in the 1972 Act has been made more workable. But the programs aimed at industrial compliance fared much better. Though he voted to vacate the lower court ruling so the district court could conduct hearing based on his significant nexus test, Kennedy believed the federal government could make its case for the Rapanos wetlands. I suggest that we begin by adding to our approach some humble ideas about ourselves and our place upon the planet. Pure water is a tasteless, odorles…. The Clean Water Act is not without its critics. Dictionary of American History. The 1972 CWA was also the first water protection act to place the primary responsibility for regulating and enforcing water quality standards on the federal government instead of state and local governments. Clean Water Act of 1977 33 U.S.C. Marriott, Betty Bowers. Fish and Wildlife Service, provide additional input to the process. The zero discharge provisions were the focus of great controversy when Congress began oversight hearings to assess implementation of the law. The Court had adopted this definition in prior water cases, including a 1994 case involving the Clean Water Act that involved hydroelectric dams. The proposal was eventually set aside after intense debate in both the House and Senate over controversial wetlands issues. Another critic of federal pollution control policy, Barry Commoner, a scientist and spokesperson for the environmental movement for nearly 50 years, wrote in a 1990 book that both the Clean Water and Clean Air Acts relied far too much on "control" and too little on "prevention." Environmental Encyclopedia. Point sources are distinct conveyances such as pipes or man-made ditches.[2]. In 2003, the Bush administration demanded that all federal agencies cease protection of isolated, non-navigable ponds and wetlands without specific approval. Permit holders must maintain records of their activities, and they must carry out effluent monitoring. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As with most regulatory laws, clarifications of the law are ongoing. 1288) For guidance on citing Clean Water Act Of 1977 (giving attribution as required by the CC BY licence), please see below our recommendation of "Cite this Entry". Encyclopedia.com. Year of Clean Water 2002. Your email address will not be published. Extensive water pollution in the United States began in the nineteenth century as a result of urbanization, industrial development,…, Safe Drinking Water Act The Clean Water Act ("CWA") passed in 1977 and acts as an amendment to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. Programs did not … The Table lists rulemaking authority for regulations codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which contains a section for U.S.C. Although the 1987 amendments contributed substantially to the CWA's mass, complexity, and breadth, they did not fundamentally alter the act's scope, except perhaps in the area of nonpoint pollution. water storage See water inventory. In a 2000 report to Congress, the EPA cited these diffuse sources of pollution as the top factors making the remaining 40 percent of the nation's waterways too polluted for swimming or fishing. The modern Clean Water Act (CWA) is the result of a sequence of federal water pollution control statutes starting with the nineteenth-century enactment of the Rivers and Harbors Act (limited to navigation-impeding debris), the 1948 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (the first federal attempt to regulate water pollution), the 1965 Water Quality Improvement Act, and the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act. The 1987 act also laid greater emphasis on toxic substances; it required, for instance, that the EPA identify and set standards for toxic pollutants in sewage sludge , and it phased in requirements for stormwater permits. Then the states had to decide which local landowners or businesses needed to reduce their pollution levels to meet the TMDL. Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/entrepreneurs/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/clean-water-act, "Clean Water Act It is classified into two m…, WATER POLLUTION. It is the further policy of Congress that nothing in this chapter shall be construed to supersede or abrogate rights to quantities of water which have been established by any State. Water:Science and Issues. We have maintained our goal to eliminate the discharge of pollutants by 1985. 1843, ___L.Ed.2d ___ (2006), rejected this argument and held that the government did not need to show that something was added to the water before it was returned to the river to trigger this Clean Water Act provision. The S.D. (f) Procedures utilized for implementing chapter It is the national policy that to the maximum extent possible the procedures utilized for implementing this chapter shall encourage the drastic minimization of paperwork and interagency decision procedures, and the best use of available manpower and funds, so as to prevent needless duplication and unnecessary delays at all levels of government. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Dischargers, such as publicly owned treatment works (POTWs), are required to utilize the best available pollution control technology in minimizing pollutants before they can obtain a permit to operate. Encyclopedia.com. Finally, the 1987 amendments included provisions designed to give regulated industries more guidance as to the requirements of the CWA and allowed industry some relief from the act's strict guidelines when warranted. "Clean Water Act Noting that waste, once produced, has to go somewhere, the federal approach has been largely to try to control the effects of municipal, industrial, and agricultural waste production. Houck, Oliver A. . Fax: (071) 436 6743 A 2001 Supreme Court case, Solid Waste Agency of Cook County, Illinois, v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, found that federal jurisdiction did not extend to isolated wetlands such as the one Cook County planned to alter. Encyclopedia.com. The 1972 CWA set the ambitious goals of making all waters in the United States safe enough for fishing and swimming by 1983. The Clean Water Act also required businesses to apply for federal permits to discharge pollutants into waterways, as well as to reduce the amount of their discharges over time. We have maintained the concept that industry must use the best available technology to control pollution. An estimated 90 percent of the Nation's industries met the July 1, 1977, deadline for use of best practicable technology. Environmental Encyclopedia. . Under this test the wetlands must have a significant nexus to a body of water that is actually navigable. Parallel Table of Authorities (see Index), International Navigational Rules Act Of 1977, An act to amend the Clean Water Act of 1977 to extend the moratorium on industrial cost recovery, An original Act to extend certain authorizations in the Clean Water Act and for other purposes, A joint resolution to designate July 25, 1987, as "Clean Water Day", An Act to authorize appropriations for the saline water conversion program for fiscal year 1977, Public Works For Water And Power Development And Energy Research Appropriation Act, 1977, A joint resolution to establish calendar year 1992 as the "Year of Clean Water", Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, Head of the Section: Congressional declaration of goals and policy, - Page Visits in the past year: 12,537,600. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. The 1977 amendments, the Clean Water Act of 1977 (P.L. This entry about Clean Water Act Of 1977 has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) licence, which permits unrestricted use and reproduction, provided the author or authors of the Clean Water Act Of 1977 entry and the Encyclopedia of Law are in each case credited as the source of the Clean Water Act Of 1977 entry. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Beginning in 1948, Congress declared it to be in the "national interest" to assure a high level of water quality throughout the United States. 11 2020. Copeland, Claudia. see also Industrial stormwater runoff, agricultural stormwater runoff, municipal storm drains, and irrigation return flows are examples of nonpoint sources.
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