When he became shōgun in 1603, Edo became the center of his ruling. As of 2016[update], Tokyo has twinning or friendship agreements with the following twelve cities and states:[108], Research and development in Japan and the Japanese space program are globally represented by several of Tokyo's medical and scientific facilities, including the University of Tokyo and other universities in Tokyo, which work in collaboration with many international institutions. Its headquarters is in Shinjuku Ward. Annual Weather Averages Near Tokyo. Tokyo was already the nation's political and cultural center,[20] and the emperor's residence made it a de facto imperial capital as well, with the former Edo Castle becoming the Imperial Palace. [98] Symphony orchestras and other musical organizations perform modern and traditional music. Tokyo is now already achieving the highest level of energy efficiency among big cities in advanced countries. H��T�k�0�_q����$K���z��(D/�����4ib�]����k�� �����ݧ/�V{r�E [94] Therefore, Japan constructed airports outside Tokyo. [114][115][116] Other partners worldwide include Oxford University in the United Kingdom,[117] the National University of Singapore in Singapore,[118] the University of Toronto in Canada,[119] and Tsinghua University in China. Some surviving official English documents use the spelling "Tokei";[12] however, this pronunciation is now obsolete.[13]. [66], Architecture in Tokyo has largely been shaped by Tokyo's history. In 1869, the 17-year-old Emperor Meiji moved to Edo, and in accordance, the city was renamed Tokyo (meaning Eastern Capital). The most prominent is the Odaiba area, now a major shopping and entertainment center. Ogasawara also administers two tiny outlying islands: Minami Torishima, the easternmost point in Japan and at 1,850 km (1,150 mi) the most distant island from central Tokyo, and Okinotorishima, the southernmost point in Japan. [70] Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. Tokyo's subway and commuter rail network became one of the busiest in the world[28] as more and more people moved to the area. �V��)g�B�0�i�W��8#�8wթ��8_�٥ʨQ����Q�j@�&�A)/��g�>'K�� �t�;\�� ӥ$պF�ZUn����(4T�%)뫔�0C&�����Z��i���8��bx��E���B�;�����P���ӓ̹�A�om?�W= Tokyo still sees new urban developments on large lots of less profitable land. The New National Theater Tokyo in Shibuya is the national center for the performing arts, including opera, ballet, contemporary dance and drama. [10] The name, which can be translated as "estuary", is a reference to the original settlement's location at the meeting of the Sumida River and Tokyo Bay. [48] The Iwo chain and the outlying islands have no permanent population, but hosts Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighborhoods of the special wards of Tokyo; particularly for school children on class trips, a visit to Tokyo Tower is de rigueur. [40], Also within the administrative boundaries of Tokyo Metropolis are two island chains in the Pacific Ocean directly south: the Izu Islands, and the Ogasawara Islands, which stretch more than 1,000 km (620 mi) away from the mainland. 0000001521 00000 n In 1590, Tokugawa Ieyasu moved from Mikawa Province (his lifelong base) to the Kantō region. The bubble burst in the early 1990s, and many companies, banks, and individuals were caught with mortgage-backed debts while real estate was shrinking in value. A number of museums are located in Ueno Park: Tokyo National Museum, National Museum of Nature and Science, Shitamachi Museum and National Museum for Western Art, among others. Yet with the postponement of the 2020 Summer Olympics to 2021, caused by the global Covid-19 pandemic, it is unclear how the city will deal with an increasing number of issues, urging scholars to offer possible alternatives approaches to tackle the most urgent problems. The 1970s brought new high-rise developments such as Sunshine 60, a new and controversial[27] airport at Narita in 1978 (some distance outside city limits), and a population increase to about 11 million (in the metropolitan area). The wettest month since records began in 1876 was October 2004, with 780 millimetres (30 in) of rain,[56] including 270.5 mm (10.65 in) on the ninth of that month;[57] the last of four months on record to observe no precipitation is December 1995. For other uses, see, Sister cities, sister states, and friendship agreements, International academic and scientific research. Japan's flag carrier Japan Airlines, as well as All Nippon Airways, have a hub at this airport. [77] During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. [54] Annual precipitation has ranged from 879.5 mm (34.63 in) in 1984 to 2,229.6 mm (87.78 in) in 1938.[54]. The western mountainous area of mainland Tokyo, Okutama also lies in the humid subtropical climate (Köppen classification Cfa). Averages are for Tokyo Heliport, which is 9 miles from Tokyo. Tokyo's easternmost territory, the island of Minamitorishima in Ogasawara village, is in the tropical savanna climate zone (Köppen classification Aw). It is occupied by many major Japanese companies and is also the seat of the national government, and the Japanese emperor. During the subsequent Edo period, Edo grew into one of the largest cities in the world with a population topping one million by the 18th century. The Toyosu market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Tsukiji Fish Market and Nihonbashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Tokyo is an international center of research and development and is represented by several major universities, notably the University of Tokyo. While serving as "bed towns" for those working in central Tokyo, some of them also have a local commercial and industrial base, such as Tachikawa. Chiyoda City). Edo was first fortified by the Edo clan, in the late twelfth century. 0000002669 00000 n JR East operates Tokyo's largest railway network, including the Yamanote Line loop that circles the center of downtown Tokyo. Commodore Matthew Perry expedition and his first arrival in Japan in 1853, Famous Edo Places. Tokyo 2020: Covid-19 overshadowing Olympic battle with climate change Report says most former Winter Olympics host cities will be unable to stage event again by 2050 As of March 31, 2008, 36% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks (second only to Shiga Prefecture), namely the Chichibu Tama Kai, Fuji-Hakone-Izu, and Ogasawara National Parks (the last a UNESCO World Heritage Site); Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park; and Akikawa Kyūryō, Hamura Kusabana Kyūryō, Sayama, Takao Jinba, Takiyama, and Tama Kyūryō Prefectural Natural Parks.[49]. n�3ܣ�k�Gݯz=��[=��=�B�0FX'�+������t���G�,�}���/���Hh8�m�W�2p[����AiA��N�#8$X�?�A�KHI�{!7�. [90] It is also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. Tokyo Convention & Visitors Bureau. Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. The Izu Islands are grouped into three subprefectures. Snowfall is sporadic, but does occur almost annually. The 2011 quake focus was hundreds of kilometers away and resulted in no direct deaths in the metropolitan area. [10] During the early Meiji period, the city was sometimes called "Tōkei", an alternative pronunciation for the same characters representing "Tokyo", making it a kanji homograph. Also, long-distance ferries serve the islands of Tokyo and carry passengers and cargo to domestic and foreign ports. [8] In 2020, it ranked fourth on the Global Financial Centres Index, behind New York City, London, and Shanghai.[9]. Hachijō-jima (Hachijojima Airport), Miyakejima (Miyakejima Airport), and Izu Ōshima (Oshima Airport) have services to Tokyo International and other airports. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Greater Tokyo Area (Tokyo-Yokohama) of 38 million people had a total GDP of $2 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list. Yamanote (above) Nihonbashi (center) and Shitamachi (below) (circa 1858), Suruga street with Mount Fuji by Hiroshige (1856). Tokyo Metropolitan Gymnasium, in Sendagaya, Shibuya, is a large sports complex that includes swimming pools, training rooms, and a large indoor arena. A major recession followed, making the 1990s Japan's "Lost Decade",[29] from which it is now slowly recovering. The Izu Islands are a group of volcanic islands and form part of the Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park. World War II wreaked widespread destruction of most of the city due to the persistent Allied air raids on Japan and the use of incendiary bombs. Buildings of significance have been demolished for more up-to-date shopping facilities such as Omotesando Hills.[30]. Certain municipal functions, such as waterworks, sewerage, and fire-fighting, are handled by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. As of 2017, 227 restaurants in Tokyo have been awarded (92 in Paris). In the 1980s, real estate prices skyrocketed during a real estate and debt bubble. Milner, Rebecca (2013). The islands in order from closest to Tokyo are Izu Ōshima, Toshima, Nii-jima, Shikine-jima, Kōzu-shima, Miyake-jima, Mikurajima, Hachijō-jima, and Aogashima. Retired (age 65+), 1.461 million (11.8%) Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Many different festivals occur throughout Tokyo. The remaining islands are six villages, with Niijima and Shikinejima forming one village. 0000000016 00000 n Tokyo has been hit by powerful megathrust earthquakes in 1703, 1782, 1812, 1855, 1923, and much more indirectly (with some liquefaction in landfill zones) in 2011;[51][52] the frequency of direct and large quakes is a relative rarity. In conjunction with these efforts, and taking into account the impacts of climate change in Tokyo, we have formulated the Tokyo Climate Change Adaptation Policy. 0000001160 00000 n Basketball clubs include the Hitachi SunRockers, Toyota Alvark Tokyo and Tokyo Excellence. However, Tokyo’s CO2 emissions are still showing an increasing tendency. [74], In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realized by 2016. 0000001383 00000 n Tokyo's Izu and Ogasawara islands are affected by an average of 5.4 typhoons a year, compared to 3.1 in mainland Kantō. The Toyosu Market in Tokyo is the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world since it opened on October 11, 2018. It is located in the Toyosu area of Kōtō ward. %PDF-1.4 %���� Especially with the United States, including NASA and the many private spaceflight companies,[110] Tokyo universities have working relationships with all of the Ivy League institutions (including Harvard and Yale University),[111] along with other research universities and development laboratories, such as Stanford, MIT, and the UC campuses throughout California,[112][113] as well as UNM and Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Tokyo was devastated by the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, and again by Allied bombing raids during World War II. Twenty-six cities lie within the western part of Tokyo: The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has designated Hachiōji, Tachikawa, Machida, Ōme and Tama New Town as regional centers of the Tama area,[46] as part of its plans to relocate urban functions away from central Tokyo. Because of the islands' distance from the administrative headquarters of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government in Shinjuku, local subprefectural branch offices administer them.
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