Somerville, Massachusetts: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. Only a minority of people within a country...actually use it when they talk...Similarly, when they write--itself a minority activity--the consistent use of SE is required only in certain tasks (such as a letter to a newspaper, but not necessarily to a close friend). No official ever decided that respectable men and women were permitted to doff their hats and gloves in the 1960s or to get pierced and tattooed in the 1990s—nor could any authority with powers short of Mao Zedong have stopped these changes. 2008. This group of people includes a large number of those who, having espoused the conventions, nevertheless do not consider themselves to be excellent users of those conventions. As American English grew more influential in the world, it became an option alongside British English in mainland Europe and elsewhere. A hand-strength requirement of at least 12-13 points to open 1-of-a-suit. Also known as standard English English or British Standard English (BrSE). It also spread to many other parts of the world because of the strength of the British empire. Before the year 2000, new bidding systems evolved, including "2/1 Game Forcing" which are otherwise substantial departures from early Standard American methods. (The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, 2000). However, there is often also a tendency to apply these judgments, which are about written English, to spoken English. Most bids had fairly specific requirements regarding hand strength and suit distribution. Although no formal body has ever regulated the use of English in Britain, a fairly rigid model of Standard British English has been taught in British schools since the 18th century. Early Americans … But these regional differences are few in comparison with the very high degree of agreement about which forms should count as standard. 'America is the world's leading exporter of both regular and irregular verbs. (Tony Crowley, "Curiouser and Curiouser: Falling Standards in the Standard English Debate," in Standard English: The Widening Debate, edited by Tony Bex and Richard J. Watts. [1] The term "Standard" refers to the regularisation of the grammar, spelling, usages of the language, and not to minimal desirability or interchangeability (e.g. By Stacey. The essential common elements of modern Standard American systems are: The Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) is a set of partnership agreements summarized in a convention card created by the American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) to be used as the required bidding system in specified events or as a base for a casual or online partnerships. General American English (Accent and Dialect), Definition and Examples of Linguistic Prestige, Standard English Definitions and Controversies, Key Events in the History of the English Language, Definition and Examples of Standard British English, Definition and Examples of Dialect in Linguistics, Definition and Examples of Language Varieties, Nonstandard English Definition and Examples, The Distinctive Characteristics of Canadian English, Hypercorrection in Grammar and Pronunciation, African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia, M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester, B.A., English, State University of New York, "The notion of a widespread, normative variety, or 'standard. "Standard American English is not a myth," say linguists William Kretzschmar and Charles Meyer, "but it is not identical with the language of any natural population of speakers; it is a very real institutional construct that has attracted the loyalty of a committed group of speakers who claim … Slate, May 31, 2012. [5] Furthermore, the usage codes of nonstandard dialects (vernacular language) are less stabilized than the codifications of Standard English, and thus more readily accept and integrate new vocabulary and grammatical forms. According to Tom McArthur in The Oxford Companion to the English Language (1992), the term Standard English "resists easy definition but is used as if most educated people nonetheless know precisely what it refers to. It may be revealing to examine some of the presumptions that lie behind these various interpretations. 60–68. No matter how it is interpreted, however, Standard English in this sense shouldn't be regarded as being necessarily correct or unexceptionable, since it will include many kinds of language that could be faulted on various grounds, like the language of corporate memos and television advertisements or the conversations of middle-class high-school students. [8] Typically, British English is taught as standard across Europe, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and South Asia, and American English is taught as standard across Latin America and East Asia.
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