Six of the nine were Jews. [528] Roosevelt and Churchill also agreed to Stalin's demand that the German city of Königsberg be declared Soviet territory. [453] Between 1940 and 1941 he also purged the military, leaving it with a severe shortage of trained officers when war broke out. [709] This concept synthesised Marxist and Leninist ideas with nationalist ideals,[691] and served to discredit Trotsky—who promoted the idea of "permanent revolution"—by presenting the latter as a defeatist with little faith in Russian workers' abilities to construct socialism. [502] The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment,[503] while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of "rootless cosmopolitanism", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews. [154], While Stalin was in exile, Russia entered the First World War, and in October 1916 Stalin and other exiled Bolsheviks were conscripted into the Russian Army, leaving for Monastyrskoe. Not until the next day, with Stalin paralysed and speechless, were doctors summoned. "Joseph Stalin: National hero or cold-blooded murderer? He is remembered to this day as the man who helped save his nation from Nazi domination—and as the mass murderer of the century, having overseen the deaths of between 8 million and 20 million of his own people. Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union since 1924, dies in Moscow. Stalin's disease from the moment of brain hemorrhage. [901] The American historian Timothy D. Snyder in 2011 summarised modern data, made after the opening of the Soviet archives in the 1990s, and concludes that Stalin's regime was responsible for 9 million deaths, with 6 million of these being deliberate killings. [789] He never attended torture sessions or executions,[790] although Service thought Stalin "derived deep satisfaction" from degrading and humiliating people and keeping even close associates in a state of "unrelieved fear". [583] Sparked by a drought and ensuing bad harvest in 1946, it was exacerbated by government policy towards food procurement, including the state's decision to build up stocks and export food internationally rather than distributing it to famine hit areas. Georgi Malenkov, in the chair, paled for fear that the other members would not instantly stand up to protest and demand that the request be denied. [242] In taking this view, some Marxists accused him of bending too much to bourgeois nationalism, while others accused him of remaining too Russocentric by seeking to retain these nations within the Russian state. [78] Stalin's squads disarmed local police and troops,[79] raided government arsenals,[80] and raised funds through protection rackets on large local businesses and mines. [885], Leninists remain divided in their views on Stalin; some view him as Lenin's authentic successor, while others believe he betrayed Lenin's ideas by deviating from them. [720] He remained proud of his Georgian identity,[721] and throughout his life retained a heavy Georgian accent when speaking Russian. He initially refused, leading to an international crisis in 1946, but one year later Stalin finally relented and moved the Soviet troops out. [30] Thematically, the poems dealt with topics like nature, land, and patriotism. [303] According to Montefiore, at this point "Stalin was the leader of the oligarchs but he was far from a dictator". [136] The article was published under the pseudonym of "K. Stalin",[139] a name he had been using since 1912. [378] In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. [204] To secure access to the dwindling food supply, in May 1918 Sovnarkom sent Stalin to Tsaritsyn to take charge of food procurement in southern Russia. [250] At the 11th Party Congress in 1922, Lenin nominated Stalin as the party's new General Secretary. [675] Some of these derived from political expediency rather than any sincere intellectual commitment;[675] Stalin would often turn to ideology post hoc to justify his decisions. [249] Stalin also agreed to supervise the Department of Agitation and Propaganda in the Central Committee Secretariat. It’s known that on the night of February the 28, Stalin drank "fruit juice" (diluted Georgian wine). [358] He oversaw the proliferation of schools, newspapers, and libraries, as well as the advancement of literacy and numeracy. [626] Stalin wanted to avoid direct Soviet conflict with the U.S., convincing the Chinese to aid the North. [293] In mid-1926, Kamenev and Zinoviev joined with Trotsky's supporters to form the United Opposition against Stalin;[294] in October they agreed to stop factional activity under threat of expulsion, and later publicly recanted their views under Stalin's command. Malenkov, Molotov and Beria had taken steps to secure their own positions. To make it worse, the dentist took out his dentures, and dropped them by accident,” according to Lozgachev’s testimony. Advertising Notice [341] New mines were opened, new cities like Magnitogorsk constructed, and work on the White Sea-Baltic Canal begun. [231], In mid-August 1920, the Poles repulsed the Russian advance, and Stalin returned to Moscow to attend the Politburo meeting. [533] In 1944 the German armies were pushed out of the Baltic states (with the exception of the Ostland), which were then re-annexed into the Soviet Union.
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